2.1 Changing the Context (Chapt. 1)
2.1.1 Why Change?
Any book arguing for "reform" of the current way of "doing school" in the public arena has to answer the question of why that change is necessary.  Dr. Fullan doesn't spend a lot of time on this; he takes the evidence that schools could and must do better as a given.  But, he does emphasize the risk to society of not improving schools.  Over time, those with resources will opt out and public schools become a poor service for poor people.  This will erode social cohesion and create sustained and increasing hereditary inequality.
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2.1.2 How to Change?
Citing The Heart of ChangeDr. Fullan notes that more folks change through see-feel-change than through analyze-think- change.  Further, he notes that teacher passion and creativity feeds student engagement and learning which, in turn, feeds back into teacher passion and creativity in a mutually supporting cycle.
2.1.3 Evolution in the Teaching Profession
 
Knowledge Poor
Knowledge Rich
Professional Judgment
  • 1970's and before
  • Uninformed professional judgment (or, "permissive individualism", Hargreaves)
  • Substantial freedom for individual teachers both in curriculum and pedagogy
  • Little knowledge of what works, and little focus on maximizing achievement for all students
  • ???  2003 --
  • Informed Professional Judgment
  • Collective effort of teachers, principal, focused on pursuit and implementation of best knowledge
  • What I call "teacher-led instructional improvement
  • Lesson Study
External Prescription
  • 1980's
  • Uninformed Prescription
  • As testing began to reveal shortcomings and gaps, administrators felt pressure to change
  • Administrators and policy leadership prescribed curriculum and/or pedagogy, but again with little data or follow-up on what worked
  • 1990's to current
  • Informed Prescription
  • Curriculum and pedagogy much more defined from policy leadership, and more rigidly enforced by administrators
  • "Canned" or "teacher-proof" programs the goal
  • San Diego as a system example
  • "Success for All" would be programmatic example

Dr. Fullan cites Michael Barber for this classification of change efforts.  He notes from his own research the weaknesses in the informed prescription model:  it requires constant compliance pressure from administrators, does not generate "ownership" from teachers, tends to burn out teachers and principals, and will generally be abandoned in the classroom at the first opportunity.